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| """Beautiful Soup
Elixir and Tonic
"The Screen-Scraper's Friend"
http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/
Beautiful Soup uses a pluggable XML or HTML parser to parse a
(possibly invalid) document into a tree representation. Beautiful Soup
provides methods and Pythonic idioms that make it easy to navigate,
search, and modify the parse tree.
Beautiful Soup works with Python 2.7 and up. It works better if lxml
and/or html5lib is installed.
For more than you ever wanted to know about Beautiful Soup, see the
documentation:
http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/
"""
__author__ = "Leonard Richardson (leonardr@segfault.org)"
__version__ = "4.8.1"
__copyright__ = "Copyright (c) 2004-2019 Leonard Richardson"
# Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license.
__license__ = "MIT"
__all__ = ['BeautifulSoup']
import os
import re
import sys
import traceback
import warnings
from .builder import builder_registry, ParserRejectedMarkup
from .dammit import UnicodeDammit
from .element import (
CData,
Comment,
DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING,
Declaration,
Doctype,
NavigableString,
PageElement,
ProcessingInstruction,
ResultSet,
SoupStrainer,
Tag,
)
# The very first thing we do is give a useful error if someone is
# running this code under Python 3 without converting it.
'You are trying to run the Python 2 version of Beautiful Soup under Python 3. This will not work.'!='You need to convert the code, either by installing it (`python setup.py install`) or by running 2to3 (`2to3 -w bs4`).'
class BeautifulSoup(Tag):
"""
This class defines the basic interface called by the tree builders.
These methods will be called by the parser:
reset()
feed(markup)
The tree builder may call these methods from its feed() implementation:
handle_starttag(name, attrs) # See note about return value
handle_endtag(name)
handle_data(data) # Appends to the current data node
endData(containerClass) # Ends the current data node
No matter how complicated the underlying parser is, you should be
able to build a tree using 'start tag' events, 'end tag' events,
'data' events, and "done with data" events.
If you encounter an empty-element tag (aka a self-closing tag,
like HTML's <br> tag), call handle_starttag and then
handle_endtag.
"""
ROOT_TAG_NAME = '[document]'
# If the end-user gives no indication which tree builder they
# want, look for one with these features.
DEFAULT_BUILDER_FEATURES = ['html', 'fast']
ASCII_SPACES = '\x20\x0a\x09\x0c\x0d'
NO_PARSER_SPECIFIED_WARNING = "No parser was explicitly specified, so I'm using the best available %(markup_type)s parser for this system (\"%(parser)s\"). This usually isn't a problem, but if you run this code on another system, or in a different virtual environment, it may use a different parser and behave differently.\n\nThe code that caused this warning is on line %(line_number)s of the file %(filename)s. To get rid of this warning, pass the additional argument 'features=\"%(parser)s\"' to the BeautifulSoup constructor.\n"
def __init__(self, markup="", features=None, builder=None,
parse_only=None, from_encoding=None, exclude_encodings=None,
element_classes=None, **kwargs):
"""Constructor.
:param markup: A string or a file-like object representing
markup to be parsed.
:param features: Desirable features of the parser to be used. This
may be the name of a specific parser ("lxml", "lxml-xml",
"html.parser", or "html5lib") or it may be the type of markup
to be used ("html", "html5", "xml"). It's recommended that you
name a specific parser, so that Beautiful Soup gives you the
same results across platforms and virtual environments.
:param builder: A TreeBuilder subclass to instantiate (or
instance to use) instead of looking one up based on
`features`. You only need to use this if you've implemented a
custom TreeBuilder.
:param parse_only: A SoupStrainer. Only parts of the document
matching the SoupStrainer will be considered. This is useful
when parsing part of a document that would otherwise be too
large to fit into memory.
:param from_encoding: A string indicating the encoding of the
document to be parsed. Pass this in if Beautiful Soup is
guessing wrongly about the document's encoding.
:param exclude_encodings: A list of strings indicating
encodings known to be wrong. Pass this in if you don't know
the document's encoding but you know Beautiful Soup's guess is
wrong.
:param element_classes: A dictionary mapping BeautifulSoup
classes like Tag and NavigableString to other classes you'd
like to be instantiated instead as the parse tree is
built. This is useful for using subclasses to modify the
default behavior of Tag or NavigableString.
:param kwargs: For backwards compatibility purposes, the
constructor accepts certain keyword arguments used in
Beautiful Soup 3. None of these arguments do anything in
Beautiful Soup 4; they will result in a warning and then be ignored.
Apart from this, any keyword arguments passed into the BeautifulSoup
constructor are propagated to the TreeBuilder constructor. This
makes it possible to configure a TreeBuilder beyond saying
which one to use.
"""
if 'convertEntities' in kwargs:
del kwargs['convertEntities']
warnings.warn(
"BS4 does not respect the convertEntities argument to the "
"BeautifulSoup constructor. Entities are always converted "
"to Unicode characters.")
if 'markupMassage' in kwargs:
del kwargs['markupMassage']
warnings.warn(
"BS4 does not respect the markupMassage argument to the "
"BeautifulSoup constructor. The tree builder is responsible "
"for any necessary markup massage.")
if 'smartQuotesTo' in kwargs:
del kwargs['smartQuotesTo']
warnings.warn(
"BS4 does not respect the smartQuotesTo argument to the "
"BeautifulSoup constructor. Smart quotes are always converted "
"to Unicode characters.")
if 'selfClosingTags' in kwargs:
del kwargs['selfClosingTags']
warnings.warn(
"BS4 does not respect the selfClosingTags argument to the "
"BeautifulSoup constructor. The tree builder is responsible "
"for understanding self-closing tags.")
if 'isHTML' in kwargs:
del kwargs['isHTML']
warnings.warn(
"BS4 does not respect the isHTML argument to the "
"BeautifulSoup constructor. Suggest you use "
"features='lxml' for HTML and features='lxml-xml' for "
"XML.")
def deprecated_argument(old_name, new_name):
if old_name in kwargs:
warnings.warn(
'The "%s" argument to the BeautifulSoup constructor '
'has been renamed to "%s."' % (old_name, new_name))
value = kwargs[old_name]
del kwargs[old_name]
return value
return None
parse_only = parse_only or deprecated_argument(
"parseOnlyThese", "parse_only")
from_encoding = from_encoding or deprecated_argument(
"fromEncoding", "from_encoding")
if from_encoding and isinstance(markup, str):
warnings.warn("You provided Unicode markup but also provided a value for from_encoding. Your from_encoding will be ignored.")
from_encoding = None
self.element_classes = element_classes or dict()
# We need this information to track whether or not the builder
# was specified well enough that we can omit the 'you need to
# specify a parser' warning.
original_builder = builder
original_features = features
if isinstance(builder, type):
# A builder class was passed in; it needs to be instantiated.
builder_class = builder
builder = None
elif builder is None:
if isinstance(features, str):
features = [features]
if features is None or len(features) == 0:
features = self.DEFAULT_BUILDER_FEATURES
builder_class = builder_registry.lookup(*features)
if builder_class is None:
raise FeatureNotFound(
"Couldn't find a tree builder with the features you "
"requested: %s. Do you need to install a parser library?"
% ",".join(features))
# At this point either we have a TreeBuilder instance in
# builder, or we have a builder_class that we can instantiate
# with the remaining **kwargs.
if builder is None:
builder = builder_class(**kwargs)
if not original_builder and not (
original_features == builder.NAME or
original_features in builder.ALTERNATE_NAMES
):
if builder.is_xml:
markup_type = "XML"
else:
markup_type = "HTML"
# This code adapted from warnings.py so that we get the same line
# of code as our warnings.warn() call gets, even if the answer is wrong
# (as it may be in a multithreading situation).
caller = None
try:
caller = sys._getframe(1)
except ValueError:
pass
if caller:
globals = caller.f_globals
line_number = caller.f_lineno
else:
globals = sys.__dict__
line_number= 1
filename = globals.get('__file__')
if filename:
fnl = filename.lower()
if fnl.endswith((".pyc", ".pyo")):
filename = filename[:-1]
if filename:
# If there is no filename at all, the user is most likely in a REPL,
# and the warning is not necessary.
values = dict(
filename=filename,
line_number=line_number,
parser=builder.NAME,
markup_type=markup_type
)
warnings.warn(self.NO_PARSER_SPECIFIED_WARNING % values, stacklevel=2)
else:
if kwargs:
warnings.warn("Keyword arguments to the BeautifulSoup constructor will be ignored. These would normally be passed into the TreeBuilder constructor, but a TreeBuilder instance was passed in as `builder`.")
self.builder = builder
self.is_xml = builder.is_xml
self.known_xml = self.is_xml
self._namespaces = dict()
self.parse_only = parse_only
self.builder.initialize_soup(self)
if hasattr(markup, 'read'): # It's a file-type object.
markup = markup.read()
elif len(markup) <= 256 and (
(isinstance(markup, bytes) and not b'<' in markup)
or (isinstance(markup, str) and not '<' in markup)
):
# Print out warnings for a couple beginner problems
# involving passing non-markup to Beautiful Soup.
# Beautiful Soup will still parse the input as markup,
# just in case that's what the user really wants.
if (isinstance(markup, str)
and not os.path.supports_unicode_filenames):
possible_filename = markup.encode("utf8")
else:
possible_filename = markup
is_file = False
try:
is_file = os.path.exists(possible_filename)
except Exception as e:
# This is almost certainly a problem involving
# characters not valid in filenames on this
# system. Just let it go.
pass
if is_file:
if isinstance(markup, str):
markup = markup.encode("utf8")
warnings.warn(
'"%s" looks like a filename, not markup. You should'
' probably open this file and pass the filehandle into'
' Beautiful Soup.' % markup)
self._check_markup_is_url(markup)
rejections = []
success = False
for (self.markup, self.original_encoding, self.declared_html_encoding,
self.contains_replacement_characters) in (
self.builder.prepare_markup(
markup, from_encoding, exclude_encodings=exclude_encodings)):
self.reset()
try:
self._feed()
success = True
break
except ParserRejectedMarkup as e:
rejections.append(e)
pass
if not success:
other_exceptions = [str(e) for e in rejections]
raise ParserRejectedMarkup(
"The markup you provided was rejected by the parser. Trying a different parser or a different encoding may help.\n\nOriginal exception(s) from parser:\n " + "\n ".join(other_exceptions)
)
# Clear out the markup and remove the builder's circular
# reference to this object.
self.markup = None
self.builder.soup = None
def __copy__(self):
copy = type(self)(
self.encode('utf-8'), builder=self.builder, from_encoding='utf-8'
)
# Although we encoded the tree to UTF-8, that may not have
# been the encoding of the original markup. Set the copy's
# .original_encoding to reflect the original object's
# .original_encoding.
copy.original_encoding = self.original_encoding
return copy
def __getstate__(self):
# Frequently a tree builder can't be pickled.
d = dict(self.__dict__)
if 'builder' in d and not self.builder.picklable:
d['builder'] = None
return d
@staticmethod
def _check_markup_is_url(markup):
"""
Check if markup looks like it's actually a url and raise a warning
if so. Markup can be unicode or str (py2) / bytes (py3).
"""
if isinstance(markup, bytes):
space = b' '
cant_start_with = (b"http:", b"https:")
elif isinstance(markup, str):
space = ' '
cant_start_with = ("http:", "https:")
else:
return
if any(markup.startswith(prefix) for prefix in cant_start_with):
if not space in markup:
if isinstance(markup, bytes):
decoded_markup = markup.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
else:
decoded_markup = markup
warnings.warn(
'"%s" looks like a URL. Beautiful Soup is not an'
' HTTP client. You should probably use an HTTP client like'
' requests to get the document behind the URL, and feed'
' that document to Beautiful Soup.' % decoded_markup
)
def _feed(self):
# Convert the document to Unicode.
self.builder.reset()
self.builder.feed(self.markup)
# Close out any unfinished strings and close all the open tags.
self.endData()
while self.currentTag.name != self.ROOT_TAG_NAME:
self.popTag()
def reset(self):
Tag.__init__(self, self, self.builder, self.ROOT_TAG_NAME)
self.hidden = 1
self.builder.reset()
self.current_data = []
self.currentTag = None
self.tagStack = []
self.preserve_whitespace_tag_stack = []
self.pushTag(self)
def new_tag(self, name, namespace=None, nsprefix=None, attrs={},
sourceline=None, sourcepos=None, **kwattrs):
"""Create a new tag associated with this soup."""
kwattrs.update(attrs)
return self.element_classes.get(Tag, Tag)(
None, self.builder, name, namespace, nsprefix, kwattrs,
sourceline=sourceline, sourcepos=sourcepos
)
def new_string(self, s, subclass=None):
"""Create a new NavigableString associated with this soup."""
subclass = subclass or self.element_classes.get(
NavigableString, NavigableString
)
return subclass(s)
def insert_before(self, successor):
raise NotImplementedError("BeautifulSoup objects don't support insert_before().")
def insert_after(self, successor):
raise NotImplementedError("BeautifulSoup objects don't support insert_after().")
def popTag(self):
tag = self.tagStack.pop()
if self.preserve_whitespace_tag_stack and tag == self.preserve_whitespace_tag_stack[-1]:
self.preserve_whitespace_tag_stack.pop()
#print "Pop", tag.name
if self.tagStack:
self.currentTag = self.tagStack[-1]
return self.currentTag
def pushTag(self, tag):
#print "Push", tag.name
if self.currentTag is not None:
self.currentTag.contents.append(tag)
self.tagStack.append(tag)
self.currentTag = self.tagStack[-1]
if tag.name in self.builder.preserve_whitespace_tags:
self.preserve_whitespace_tag_stack.append(tag)
def endData(self, containerClass=None):
# Default container is NavigableString.
containerClass = containerClass or NavigableString
# The user may want us to instantiate some alias for the
# container class.
containerClass = self.element_classes.get(
containerClass, containerClass
)
if self.current_data:
current_data = ''.join(self.current_data)
# If whitespace is not preserved, and this string contains
# nothing but ASCII spaces, replace it with a single space
# or newline.
if not self.preserve_whitespace_tag_stack:
strippable = True
for i in current_data:
if i not in self.ASCII_SPACES:
strippable = False
break
if strippable:
if '\n' in current_data:
current_data = '\n'
else:
current_data = ' '
# Reset the data collector.
self.current_data = []
# Should we add this string to the tree at all?
if self.parse_only and len(self.tagStack) <= 1 and \
(not self.parse_only.text or \
not self.parse_only.search(current_data)):
return
o = containerClass(current_data)
self.object_was_parsed(o)
def object_was_parsed(self, o, parent=None, most_recent_element=None):
"""Add an object to the parse tree."""
if parent is None:
parent = self.currentTag
if most_recent_element is not None:
previous_element = most_recent_element
else:
previous_element = self._most_recent_element
next_element = previous_sibling = next_sibling = None
if isinstance(o, Tag):
next_element = o.next_element
next_sibling = o.next_sibling
previous_sibling = o.previous_sibling
if previous_element is None:
previous_element = o.previous_element
fix = parent.next_element is not None
o.setup(parent, previous_element, next_element, previous_sibling, next_sibling)
self._most_recent_element = o
parent.contents.append(o)
# Check if we are inserting into an already parsed node.
if fix:
self._linkage_fixer(parent)
def _linkage_fixer(self, el):
"""Make sure linkage of this fragment is sound."""
first = el.contents[0]
child = el.contents[-1]
descendant = child
if child is first and el.parent is not None:
# Parent should be linked to first child
el.next_element = child
# We are no longer linked to whatever this element is
prev_el = child.previous_element
if prev_el is not None and prev_el is not el:
prev_el.next_element = None
# First child should be linked to the parent, and no previous siblings.
child.previous_element = el
child.previous_sibling = None
# We have no sibling as we've been appended as the last.
child.next_sibling = None
# This index is a tag, dig deeper for a "last descendant"
if isinstance(child, Tag) and child.contents:
descendant = child._last_descendant(False)
# As the final step, link last descendant. It should be linked
# to the parent's next sibling (if found), else walk up the chain
# and find a parent with a sibling. It should have no next sibling.
descendant.next_element = None
descendant.next_sibling = None
target = el
while True:
if target is None:
break
elif target.next_sibling is not None:
descendant.next_element = target.next_sibling
target.next_sibling.previous_element = child
break
target = target.parent
def _popToTag(self, name, nsprefix=None, inclusivePop=True):
"""Pops the tag stack up to and including the most recent
instance of the given tag. If inclusivePop is false, pops the tag
stack up to but *not* including the most recent instqance of
the given tag."""
#print "Popping to %s" % name
if name == self.ROOT_TAG_NAME:
# The BeautifulSoup object itself can never be popped.
return
most_recently_popped = None
stack_size = len(self.tagStack)
for i in range(stack_size - 1, 0, -1):
t = self.tagStack[i]
if (name == t.name and nsprefix == t.prefix):
if inclusivePop:
most_recently_popped = self.popTag()
break
most_recently_popped = self.popTag()
return most_recently_popped
def handle_starttag(self, name, namespace, nsprefix, attrs, sourceline=None,
sourcepos=None):
"""Push a start tag on to the stack.
If this method returns None, the tag was rejected by the
SoupStrainer. You should proceed as if the tag had not occurred
in the document. For instance, if this was a self-closing tag,
don't call handle_endtag.
"""
# print "Start tag %s: %s" % (name, attrs)
self.endData()
if (self.parse_only and len(self.tagStack) <= 1
and (self.parse_only.text
or not self.parse_only.search_tag(name, attrs))):
return None
tag = self.element_classes.get(Tag, Tag)(
self, self.builder, name, namespace, nsprefix, attrs,
self.currentTag, self._most_recent_element,
sourceline=sourceline, sourcepos=sourcepos
)
if tag is None:
return tag
if self._most_recent_element is not None:
self._most_recent_element.next_element = tag
self._most_recent_element = tag
self.pushTag(tag)
return tag
def handle_endtag(self, name, nsprefix=None):
#print "End tag: " + name
self.endData()
self._popToTag(name, nsprefix)
def handle_data(self, data):
self.current_data.append(data)
def decode(self, pretty_print=False,
eventual_encoding=DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING,
formatter="minimal"):
"""Returns a string or Unicode representation of this document.
To get Unicode, pass None for encoding."""
if self.is_xml:
# Print the XML declaration
encoding_part = ''
if eventual_encoding != None:
encoding_part = ' encoding="%s"' % eventual_encoding
prefix = '<?xml version="1.0"%s?>\n' % encoding_part
else:
prefix = ''
if not pretty_print:
indent_level = None
else:
indent_level = 0
return prefix + super(BeautifulSoup, self).decode(
indent_level, eventual_encoding, formatter)
# Alias to make it easier to type import: 'from bs4 import _soup'
_s = BeautifulSoup
_soup = BeautifulSoup
class BeautifulStoneSoup(BeautifulSoup):
"""Deprecated interface to an XML parser."""
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
kwargs['features'] = 'xml'
warnings.warn(
'The BeautifulStoneSoup class is deprecated. Instead of using '
'it, pass features="xml" into the BeautifulSoup constructor.')
super(BeautifulStoneSoup, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
class StopParsing(Exception):
pass
class FeatureNotFound(ValueError):
pass
#By default, act as an HTML pretty-printer.
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
soup = BeautifulSoup(sys.stdin)
print(soup.prettify()) |
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